Subject: CHEMISTRY
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Sub- atomic particles; Atomic models –Rutherford’s Nuclear model of
atom; Developments to the Bohr’s model of atom; Nature of electromagnetic
radiation; Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation- Planck’s quantum
theory; Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom; Explanation of line spectrum of
hydrogen; Limitations of Bohr’s model; Quantum mechanical considerations of sub
atomic particles; Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle;
Quantum mechanical model of an atom. Important features of Quantum mechanical
model of atom; Orbitals and quantum numbers; Shapes of atomic orbitals; Energies
of orbitals; Filling of orbitals in atoms. Aufbau Principle, Pauli’s exclusion
Principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity; Electronic configurations of
atoms; Stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Need to classify elements; Genesis of periodic
classification; Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table;
Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100; Electronic
configuration of elements and the periodic table; Electronic configuration and
types of elements s,p,d.and f blocks; Trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic
radius, (b) Ionic radius (c)Variation of size in inner transition elements, (d)
Ionization enthalpy, (e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity;
Periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or Oxidation states, (b)
Anomalous properties of second period elements - diagonal relationship;
Periodic trends and chemical reactivity.
CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bonding, Octet rule, Representation
of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; Ionic or
electrovalent bond - Factors favourable for the formation of ionic
compounds-Crystal structure of sodium chloride, General properties of ionic
compounds; Bond Parameters - bond length, bond angle, and bond enthalpy, bond
order, resonance-Polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; Valence Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory; Predicting the geometry of simple
molecules; Valence bond theory-Orbital overlap concept-Directional properties
of bonds -overlapping of atomic orbitals-types of overlapping and nature of
covalent bonds-strength of sigma and pi bonds-Factors favouring the formation
of covalent bonds; Hybridisation- different types of hybridization involving s,
p and d orbitals - shapes of simple covalent molecules; Coordinate bond
-definition with examples; Molecular orbital theory - Formation of molecular
orbitals, Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)-conditions for
combination of atomic orbitals - Energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals
-Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules- H2, He2, Li2, B2,
C2, N2 and O2; Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond - Types of hydrogen
bonds-inter and intra molecular-General properties of hydrogen bonds.
STATES OF MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS
Intermolecular forces; Thermal Energy; Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal
interactions; The Gaseous State; The Gas Laws; Ideal gas equation; Graham’s law
of diffusion - Dalton’s Law of partial pressures; Kinetic molecular theory of
gases; Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (No derivation) deduction of gas
laws from Kinetic gas equation; Distribution of molecular speeds - rms, average
and most probable speeds-Kinetic energy of gas molecules; Behaviour of real
gases - Deviation from Ideal gas behaviour - Compressibility factor Vs Pressure
diagrams of real gases; Liquefaction of gases; Liquid State - Properties of
Liquids in terms of Inter molecular interactions - Vapour pressure, Viscosity
and Surface tension (Qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation).
STOICHIOMETRY
Some Basic Concepts - Properties of matter - uncertainty in
Measurement-significant figures, dimensional analysis; Laws of Chemical
Combinations - Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of
Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of
Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law, Examples; Atomic and
molecular masses- mole concept and molar mass. Concept of equivalent weight;
Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular
formulae of compounds; Stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations-limiting
reagent; Methods of Expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole
fraction, molarity, molality and normality; Redox reactions-classical idea of
redox reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of
electron transfer; Oxidation number concept; Types of Redox
reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement and disproportionation
reactions; Balancing of redox reactions - oxidation number method Half reaction
(ion-electron) method; Redox reactions in Titrimetry.
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamic
Terms; The system and the surroundings; Types of systems and surroundings; The
state of the system; The Internal Energy as a State Function. (a) Work (b) Heat
(c) The general case, the first law of Thermodynamics; Applications; Work;
Enthalpy, H- a useful new state function; Extensive
and intensive properties; Heat capacity; The relationship between Cp and C v; Measurement of DU and DH:
Calorimetry; Enthalpy change, DrH of reactions - reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard enthalpy of
reactions,
(b) Enthalpy changes during transformations, (c) Standard enthalpy of
formation, (d) Thermo chemical equations (e) Hess’s law of constant Heat
summation; Enthalpies for different types of
reactions.
(a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cHq), (b) Enthalpy of atomization (∆aHq), phase
transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) Bond Enthalpy (∆bondHq ), (d) Enthalpy of solution (∆ solHq) and dilution-lattice enthalpy;
Spontaneity. (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity? (b)
Entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs
Energy and spontaneity; Gibbs Energy change and equilibrium; Absolute entropy
and the third law of thermodynamics.
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES
Equilibrium in Physical process; Equilibrium in chemical process -
Dynamic Equilibrium; Law of chemical Equilibrium - Law of mass action and
Equilibrium constant; Homogeneous Equilibria, Equilibrium constant in gaseous
systems. Relationship between KP and Kc; Heterogeneous
Equilibria; Applications of Equilibrium constant; Relationship between
Equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; Factors
affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis
of Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide; Ionic Equilibrium in solutions; Acids, bases
and salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases;
Ionisation of Acids and Bases -Ionisation constant of water and its ionic
product- pH scale-ionisation constants of weak acids-ionisation of weak
bases-relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic
Bases-Factors affecting acid strength-Common ion effect in the
ionization of acids and bases-Hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions;
Buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution-Preparation of Acidic buffer;
Solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble salts. Solubility product constant
Common ion effect on solubility of Ionic salts.
HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; Dihydrogen-Occurence and
Isotopes; Preparation of Dihydrogen; Properties of Dihydrogen; Hydrides: Ionic,
covalent, and non-stiochiometric hydrides; Water: Physical properties;
structure of water, ice. Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water,
Temporary and permanent hardness of water; Hydrogen peroxide: Preparation;
Physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; Heavy
Water; Hydrogen as a fuel.
THE s - BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)
Group 1 Elements : Alkali metals; Electronic configurations; Atomic and Ionic radii;
Ionization enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy;
Physical properties; Chemical properties; Uses; General characteristics
of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; Halides; Salts of oxo
Acids; Anomalous properties of Lithium: Differences and similarities with other
alkali metals, Diagonal relationship; similarities between Lithium and
Magnesium; Some important compounds of Sodium: Sodium Carbonate; Sodium
Chloride; Sodium Hydroxide; Sodium hydrogen carbonate; Biological importance of
Sodium and Potassium.
Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements; Electronic configuration; Ionization enthalpy;
Hydration enthalpy; Physical
properties, Chemical properties; Uses; General characteristics of compounds of
the Alkaline Earth Metals: Oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids
(Carbonates; Sulphates and Nitrates); Anomalous behavior of Beryllium; its
diagonal relationship with Aluminium; Some important compounds of calcium:
Preparation and uses of Calcium Oxide; Calcium Hydroxide; Calcium Carbonate;
Plaster of Paris; Cement; Biological importance of Calcium and Magnesium.
p- BLOCK ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY)
General introduction - Electronic configuration, Atomic radii,
Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical & Chemical properties;
Important trends and anomalous properties of boron; Some important compounds of
boron - Borax, Ortho boric acid,diborane; Uses of boron, aluminium and their
compounds.
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS - GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY)
General introduction - Electronic configuration,
Atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical & Chemical
properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; Allotropes of
carbon; Uses of carbon; Some important compounds of carbon and silicon -
carbonmonoxide, carbon dioxide,Silica, silicones, silicates and zeolites.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Definition
of terms: Air, Water and Soil Pollutions; Environmental Pollution; Atmospheric
pollution; Tropospheric Pollution; Gaseous Air Pollutants (Oxides of Sulphur;
Oxides of Nitrogen; Hydrocarbons; Oxides of Carbon (CO, CO2). Global warming and Green house
effect; Acid Rain- Particulate
Pollutants- Smog; Stratospheric Pollution: Formation and breakdown of
Ozone- Ozone hole- effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; Water Pollution:
Causes of Water Pollution; International standards for drinking water; Soil
Pollution: Pesticides, Industrial Wastes; Strategies to control environmental
pollution- waste Management- collection and disposal; Green Chemistry: Green
chemistry in day-to-day life; Dry cleaning of clothes; Bleaching of paper;
Synthesis of chemicals.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND
HYDROCARBONS
General
introduction; Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes of organic compounds; Structural
representations of organic compounds; Classification of organic compounds;
Nomenclature of organic compounds; Isomerism; Fundamental concepts in organic
reaction mechanisms; Fission of covalent bond; Nucleophiles and electrophiles;
Electron movements in organic reactions; Electron displacement effects in
covalent bonds: inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect, electromeric
effect, hyperconjugation; Types of Organic reactions; Methods of purification
of organic compounds; Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds;
Quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds.
HYDROCARBONS
Classification of Hydrocarbons; Alkanes
- Nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only);
Preparation of alkanes; Properties - Physical properties and chemical
Reactivity, Substitution reactions - Halogenation(free radical mechanism),
Combustion, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization, reaction with
steam and Pyrolysis; Alkenes-
Nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical);
Methods of preparation; Properties- Physical and
chemical reactions: Addition of Hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric
acid, Hydrogen halides (Mechanism- ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s,
antiMarkovnikov’s or Kharasch effect). Oxidation, Ozonolysis and
Polymerization; Alkynes -
Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of
acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions- acidic character of
acetylene, addition reactions- of hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen halides and
water. Polymerization; Aromatic
Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, Structure of benzene, Resonance
and aromaticity; Preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical
properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Electrophilic substitution
reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation and
acylation; Directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted
benzene, Carcinogenicity and toxicity.
SOLID STATE
General
characteristics of solid state; Amorphous and crystalline solids;
Classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces
(molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids); Probing the structure of
solids: X -ray crystallography; Crystal lattices and unit cells. Bravais
lattices primitive and centred unit cells; Number of atoms in a unit cell
(primitive, body centred and face centred cubic unit cell); Close packed
structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three
dimensions- tetrahedral and octahedral voids - formula of a compound and number
of voids filled- locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids; Packing efficiency
in simple cubic, bcc and in hcp, ccp lattice; Calculations involving unit cell
dimensions-density of the unit cell; Imperfections in solids-types of point
defects-stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects;
Electricalproperties-conduction of electricity in metals, semiconductors and
insulators- band theory of metals; Magnetic properties.
SOLUTIONS
Types of solutions; Expressing concentration of solutions - mass
percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million,
mole fraction, molarity and molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a
liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry’s law; Vapour pressure of liquid
solutions: vapour pressure of liquid- liquid solutions. Raoult’s law as a
special case of Henry’s law -vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids;
Ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties and determination of
molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure-elevation of boiling
point-depression of freezing point-osmosis and osmotic pressure-reverse osmosis
and water purification; Abnormal molar masses-van’t Hoff factor.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS
ELECTROCHEMISTRY: Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells: measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst
equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation- electrochemical cell and
Gibbs energy of the cell reaction; Conductance of electrolytic solutions-
measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions-variation of conductivity
and molar conductivity with concentration-strong electrolytes and weak
electrolytes-applications of Kohlrausch’s law; Electrolytic cells and
electrolysis: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis-products of electrolysis;
Batteries: primary batteries and secondary batteries; Fuel cells; Corrosion of
metals-Hydrogen economy.
CHEMICAL KINETICS: Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors influencing rate of a reaction: dependance of rate on concentration-
rate expression and rate constant- order of a reaction, molecularity of a
reaction; Integrated rate equations-zero order reactions-first order reactions-
half
life of a reaction; Pseudo first
order reaction; Temperature dependence
of the rate of a reaction -effect
of
catalyst; Collision theory of chemical reaction rates.
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Adsorption : Distinction between adsorption and
absorption-mechanism of adsorption-types of
adsorption-characteristics of physisorption-characteristics of
chemisorptions-adsorption isotherms-adsorption from solution phase-applications
of adsorption; Catalysis: Catalysts,
promoters and
poisons-auto catalysis- homogeneous and heterogeneous
catalysis-adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis-important features of
solid catalysts: (a)activity (b)selectivity-shape-selective catalysis by
zeolites-enzyme catalysis- characteristics and mechanism- catalysts in
industry; Colloids; Classification
of colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and
dispersion medium-classification based on nature of interaction between
dispersed phase and dispersion medium-classification based on type of particles
of the dispersed phase- multi molecular, macromolecular and associated
colloids- cleansing action of soaps-preparation of colloids-purification of
colloidal solutions- properties of colloidal solutions: Colligative properties,
Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement-charge on colloidal particles,
electrophoresis; coagulation-precipitation methods-coagulation of lyophilic
sols and protection of colloids-Emulsions; Colloids around us- application of
colloids.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY
Occurrence of metals; Concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic
separation, froth floatation, leaching; Extraction of crude metal from
concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; Thermodynamic
principles of metallurgy – Ellingham
diagram-limitations-applications-extraction of iron, copper and zinc from their
oxides; Electrochemical principles of metallurgy; Oxidation and reduction;
Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolytic refining,
zone refining and vapour phase refining; Uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and
iron.
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
GROUP-15
ELEMENTS : Occurrence- electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii,
ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties;
Dinitrogen-preparation, properties and uses; Compounds of nitrogen-preparation,
properties and uses of ammonia; Oxides of nitrogen; Preparation and properties
of nitric acid; Phosphorous-allotropic forms; Phosphine-preparation, properties
and uses; Phosphorous halides; Oxoacids of phosphorous
GROUP-16
ELEMENTS: Occurrence- electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii,
ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and
chemical properties; Dioxygen-preparation, properties and uses; Simple oxides;
Ozone-preparation, properties, structure and uses; Sulphur-allotropic forms;
Sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of sulphur;
Sulphuric acid- manufacture, properties and uses.
GROUP-17
ELEMENTS: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii,
ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and
chemical properties; Chlorine-preparation, properties and uses; Hydrogen
chloride- preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of halogens; Interhalogen
compounds- preparation, properties and uses.
GROUP-18 ELEMENTS : Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization
enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical
properties(a) Xenon-fluorine compounds-XeF2,XeF4 and XeF6 -preparation, hydrolysis and formation of fluoro anions-structures of
XeF2,
XeF4 and XeF6 (b) Xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4 - their formation and
structures-uses of noble gases.
d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS & COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
d AND f
BLOCK ELEMENTS : Position in the periodic table; Electronic configuration of
the d-block elements; General properties of the transition elements (d-block)
-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series,
ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the
M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard
electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states,
chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties,
formation of coloured ions, formation
of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial
compounds, alloy formation; Some important compounds of transition
elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals-preparation, properties and uses of
potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate,
dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; Inner transition
elements(f-block)-lanthanoids-
electronic configuration-atomic and ionic
sizes-oxidation states- general characteristics; Actinoids-electronic
configuration atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics
and comparison with lanthanoids; Some applications of d and f block elements.
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: Werner’s
theory of coordination compounds; Definitions of
some
terms used in coordination compounds; Nomenclature of coordination
compounds-IUPAC nomenclature; Isomerism in coordination compounds- (a)Stereo
isomerism-Geometrical and optical isomerism (b)Structural isomerism-linkage,
coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism; Bonding in coordination compounds.
(a)Valence bond theory - magnetic properties of coordination
compounds-limitations of valence bond theory (b) Crystal field theory (i)
Crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities
(ii) Colour in coordination compounds-limitations of
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crystal
field theory; Bonding in metal carbonyls; Stability
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of
coordination compounds; Importance
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and
applications of coordination compounds.
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POLYMERS
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Classification of
Polymers -Classification based
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on
source, structure, mode of polymerization,
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molecular forces and
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growth
polymerization; Types of polymerization reactions-addition
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polymerization
or chain growth polymerization-ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism-
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preparation
of
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addition
polymers-polythene, teflon
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and
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polyacrylonitrile-condensation
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polymerization
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or
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step growth
polymerization-polyamides-preparation of Nylon 6,6 and nylon
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6-poly
esters-terylene-bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde
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polymers; copolymerization-Rubber-natural
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rubber-vulcanisation of rubber-Synthetic
rubbers-preparation
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of
neoprene and buna-N; Molecular
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mass of
polymers-number average and weight
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average
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molecular
masses- poly dispersity
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index(PDI); Biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon
2-nylon 6; Polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene,
polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin, glyptal and bakelite - their
monomers, structures and uses.
BIOMOLECULES
Carbohydrates -
Classification of carbohydrates- Monosaccharides: preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch- Properties
and structure of glucose- D,L configurations and (+), (-) notations of glucose-
Structure of fructose; Disaccharides: Sucrose- preparation, structure; Invert
sugar- Structures of maltose and lactose-Polysaccharides: Structures of starch,
cellulose and glycogen- Importance of carbohydrates; Proteins -Aminoacids: Natural aminoacids-classification of
aminoacids - structures and D and L forms-Zwitter ions; Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous and globular-
primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins-
Denaturation of proteins; Enzymes:
Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action; Vitamins:
Explanation-names-
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classification
of vitamins - sources of vitamins-deficiency diseases
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of
different types
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of
vitamins;
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Nucleic
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acids: chemical composition of nucleic
acids, structures of
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nucleic
acids, DNA finger
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printing
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biological
functions of nucleic acids; Hormones:
Definition, different types of hormones,
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their
production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities.
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CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
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Drugs
and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of
pharmocological
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effect
(b)
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Classification
of drugs on the basis of drug action (c) Classification of drugs on the basis
of chemical structure (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular
targets; Drug-Target interaction-Enzymes as drug targets (a) Catalytic action
of enzymes (b) Drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets; Therapeutic
action of different classes of drugs: antacids, antihistamines, neurologically
active drugs: tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics,
antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants- antifertility drugs;
Chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants
in food; Cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents – types and examples.
HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
Classification and nomenclature;
Nature of C-X bond; Methods of
preparation: Alkyl halides and
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substitution
(c)
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by
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replacement
of diazonium
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group(Sandmeyer reaction) (d) by the addition of
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hydrogen
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halides
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and
halogens
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to
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alkenes-by
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halogen exchange reactions; Physical properties-
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melting
and boiling points, density and solubility; Chemical reactions: Reactions of
haloalkanes
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(i)Nucleophilic
substitution reactions (a) SN² mechanism (b) SN¹ mechanism (c) stereochemical
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aspects
of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity (ii) Elimination
reactions (iii)
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Reaction
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with
metals-Reactions
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of
haloarenes:
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(i) Nucleophilic
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substitution (ii)Electrophilic
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substitution
and (iii) Reaction
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with
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metals; Polyhalogen compounds:
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Uses and environmental effects
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of
dichloro methane, trichloromethane triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane,
freons and DDT.
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
C, H AND O (Alcohols,
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Phenols,
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Ethers,
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Aldehydes, Ketones and
Carboxylic acids)
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ALCOHOLS,
PHENOLS AND ETHERS
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Alcohols,phenols
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and
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ethers -classification; Nomenclature:
(a)Alcohols, (b)phenols and (c)
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ethers;
Structures of hydroxy and
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ether functional groups; Methods
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of preparation: Alcohols from
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alkenes
and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; Phenols from haloarenes, benzene
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sulphonic
acid, diazonium salts, cumene; Physical propertics of alcohols and phenols;
Chemical
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reactions
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of
alcohols
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and
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phenols (i) Reactions
involving cleavage of O-H bond in alcohols-Acidity
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of
alcohols and phenols, esterification
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(ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-
reactions with
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HX, PX3,
dehydration and oxidation
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(iii) Reactions of phenols- electrophilic
aromatic substitution,
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Kolbe’s
reaction, Reimer - Tiemann reaction,
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reaction
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with
zinc dust, oxidation; Commercially
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important
alcohols (methanol,ethanol); Ethers-Methods
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of
preparation: By dehydration
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of
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alcohols,
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Williamson
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synthesis-
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Physical
properties-Chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond
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and
electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole).
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ALDEHYDES
AND KETONES
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Nomenclature
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and
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structure
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of
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carbonyl group; Preparation of aldehydes and
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ketones-(1) by
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oxidation of alcohols (2) by
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dehydrogenation
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of
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alcohols (3)
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from hydrocarbons -Preparation of
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aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides
(2) from nitriles and esters(3) from hydrocarbons-Preparation of ketones(1)
from acyl chlorides (2)from nitriles (3)from benzene or substituted benzenes;
Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; Chemical reactions of aldehydes
and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation, reactions due to α -
Hydrogen
and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction,electrophilic substitution reaction);
Uses of aldehydes and ketones.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Nomenclature
and structure of carboxylgroup; Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids
(1)from primary alcohols and aldehydes (2) from alkylbenzenes(3)from nitriles
and amides (4)from Grignard reagents (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides (6)
from esters; Physical properties; Chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving
cleavage of O-H bond-acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies (ii) Reactions
involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with
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PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2,
esterification and reaction with ammonia (iii)
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Reactions involving-COOH
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group-reduction,
decarboxylation (iv) Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part -
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halogenation
and ring
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substitution; Uses of carboxylic acids.
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
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AMINES
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Structure of amines; Classification; Nomenclature;
Preparation
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of
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amines:
reduction of nitro
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compounds,
ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides,
Gabriel
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phthalimide
synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation
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reaction; Physical properties; Chemical
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reactions:
basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction,
reaction with
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nitrous
acid, reaction
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with
aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines
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DIAZONIUM SALTS
Methods of preparation of
diazonium salts (by diazotization) Physical properties; Chemical reactions:
Reactions involving displacement of Nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman
reaction, replacement by i) iodiode and fluoride ions ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl
and Nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling
reactions; Importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds.
CYANIDES AND ISOCYANIDES
Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; Preparation,
physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides and isocyanides.
Comments