Subject: PHYSICS
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
The international system of units, Measurement of Length, Measurement of
Large Distances, Estimation of Very Small Distances, Size of a Molecule, Range
of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses, Measurement of time,
Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement, Systematic
errors, random errors, least count error, Absolute Error, Relative Error and
Percentage Error, Combination of Errors, Significant figures, Rules for
Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures, Rounding off the Uncertain
Digits, Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic
Calculations, Dimensions of Physical Quantities, Dimensional Formulae and
dimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its Applications, Checking the
Dimensional Consistency of Equations, Deducing Relation among the Physical
Quantities.
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Position, path length and displacement, average
velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration,
kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity.
MOTION IN A PLANE
Scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of
vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of
vectors - graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition - analytical
method, motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity,
acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity
in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of
maximum height, maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile,
uniform circular motion.
LAWS OF MOTION
Aristotle’s fallacy, The law of inertia, Newton’s
first law of motion, Newton’s second law of motion, momentum, Impulse, Newton’s
third law of motion, Conservation of momentum, Equilibrium of a particle,
Common forces in mechanics, friction, types of friction, static, kinetic and
rolling frictions, Circular motion, Motion of a car on a level road, Motion of
a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics.
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
The Scalar Product, Notions of work and kinetic
energy, The work-energy theorem, Work, Kinetic energy, Work done by a variable
force, The work-energy theorem for a variable force, The concept of Potential
Energy, The conservation of Mechanical Energy, The Potential Energy of a
spring, Various forms of energy, Heat, Chemical Energy, Electrical Energy, The
Equivalence of Mass and Energy, Nuclear Energy, The Principle of Conservation
of Energy, Power, Collisions, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Collisions in
one dimension, Coefficient of Restitution and its determination, Collisions in
Two Dimensions.
SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
Rigid body motion, Centre of mass, Centre of Gravity, Motion of centre
of mass, Linear momentum of a system of particles, Vector product of two
vectors, Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, Angular
acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Moment of
force (Torque), Angular momentum of particle, Torque and angular momentum for a
system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum, Equilibrium of a rigid
body, Principle of moments, Moment of inertia, Theorems of perpendicular and
parallel axes, Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, Angular
momentum in
OSCILLATIONS
Periodic and oscillatory motions, Period and
frequency, Displacement, Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic
motion and uniform circular motion, Velocity and acceleration in simple
harmonic motion, Force law for Simple harmonic Motion, Energy in simple
harmonic motion, Some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion, Oscillations
due to a spring, The Simple Pendulum, Damped simple harmonic motion, Forced
oscillations and resonance.
GRAVITATION
Kepler’s laws, Universal law of gravitation,
central forces, the gravitational constant, Acceleration due to gravity of the
earth, Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth,
Gravitational potential energy, Escape speed, Orbital Speed, Earth satellites,
Energy of an orbiting satellite, Geostationary and polar satellites,
Weightlessness.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Elastic behaviour of solids, Stress and strain, Hooke’s law,
Stress-strain curve, Elastic moduli, Young’s Modulus, Determination of Young’s
Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Shear Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Poisson’s
Ratio, Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched wire, Applications of elastic
behaviour of materials.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Pressure, Pascal’s Law, Variation of Pressure with
Depth, Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure, Hydraulic Machines, Archimedes’
Principle, Streamline flow, Bernoulli’s principle, Speed of Efflux, Torricelli’s
Law, Venturi-meter, Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift, Viscosity,
Variation of Viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes’ Law, Reynolds
number, Critical Velocity, Surface tension and Surface Energy, Angle of
Contact, Drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergents and Surface Tension.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Temperature and heat, Measurement of temperature, Ideal-gas equation and
absolute temperature, Thermal expansion, Specific heat capacity, Calorimetry,
Change of state, Triple Point, Regelation, Latent Heat, Heat transfer,
Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Black body Radiation, Greenhouse Effect,
Newton’s law of cooling and its experimental verification.
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, Internal Energy
and work, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat capacity, Specific heat
capacity of water, Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State,
Thermodynamic processes, Quasi-static process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic
Process, Isochoric Process, Isobaric process, Cyclic process, Heat engines,
Refrigerators and heat pumps, Second law of thermodynamics, Reversible and
irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot’s theorem.
KINETIC THEORY
Molecular nature of matter, Behaviour of gases,
Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal
Gas, Kinetic interpretation of temperature, Law of equipartition of energy,
Specific heat capacity, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases, Polyatomic Gases,
Specific Heat Capacity of Solids, Specific Heat Capacity of Water, Mean free
path.
WAVES
Transverse
and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude
and phase, wavelength and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and
frequency, the speed of a travelling
wave, speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a
longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves,
reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats, Doppler effect:
source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary,
both source and observer moving.
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length
of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction, total internal
reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological
applications, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion
by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the rainbow, scattering of
light, optical instruments, the eye, the simple and compound microscopes,
refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope.
WAVE OPTICS
Huygens
principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle,
refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a
plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect, coherent and incoherent
addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young‘s experiment,
diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of optical
instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by scattering,
polarisation by reflection.
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
Electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic
properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge,
quantization of charge, Coulomb’s law, forces between multiple charges,
electric field, electric field due to a system of charges, physical
significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric
dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the
equatorial plane, physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform
external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss’s law, applications of
Gauss’s law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire,
field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to a uniformly
charged thin spherical shell.
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
Electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due
to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential
surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of
charges, potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single
charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field,
potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of
conductors, electrostatic shielding, dielectrics and polarisation, electric
displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect
of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series,
capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric
current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law, drift of electrons and the
origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm’s law, resistivity of
various materials, colour code of resistors, Temperature dependence of
resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors – series and
parallel. Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel,
Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone Bridge, Meter Bridge,
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
Magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field,
Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a
magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined
electric and magnetic fields, velocity selector, Cyclotron, magnetic field due
to a current element, Biot – Savart’s law, Magnetic field on the axis of a
circular current loop, Ampere’s circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid,
force between two parallel current carrying conductors, the ampere (UNIT),
torque on current loop, magnetic dipole, torque on a rectangular current loop
in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the
magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the Moving Coil Galvanometer;
conversion into ammeter and voltmeter.
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
The bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar
magnet as an equivalent solenoid, The dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the
electrostatic analog, Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, The Earth’s magnetism,
magnetic declination and dip, magnetisation and magnetic intensity,
susceptibility, magnetic properties of materials; Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism,
Ferromagnetism, Hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
The experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic
flux, Faraday’s Law of induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy,
motional electromotive force, energy consideration - a quantitative study, Eddy
currents, inductance, mutual inductance, self inductance, AC generator.
ALTERNATING CURRENT
AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of
AC current and voltage by rotating vectors - Phasors, AC voltage applied to an
inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR
circuit, Phasor – diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness
of resonance, power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations,
transformers.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves,
sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves,
electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible
rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
Electron emission, Photoelectric Effect, Hertz’s observations, Hallwachs
and Lenard’s observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect
of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric
current, effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential,
Photoelectric effect and Wave theory of Light, Einstein’s Photoelectric
equation, Energy Quantum of Radiation, particle nature of light, the photon,
wave nature of matter, photocell, Davisson and Germer experiment.
ATOMS
Alpha particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear
model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra,
spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck – Hertz
experiment, the line spectra of the hydrogen atom, de Broglie’s explanation of
Bohr’s second postulate of quantization, LASER light.
NUCLEI
Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of
the nucleus, Mass - Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy, Nuclear Force,
Radioactivity, Law of radioactive decay, Alpha decay, Beta decay, Gamma decay,
Nuclear Energy, Fission, Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in
stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion.
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
Classification of metals, conductors, and
semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, Band theory of
solids, Intrinsic semiconductor, Extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor,
n-type semiconductor, p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction
diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, Application of
junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener
diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator, Optoelectronic junction devices,
Photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell. Junction transistor, structure
and action, Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor
characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE –
Configuration), Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator, Digital
Electronics and Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR Gates, Integrated
circuits.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Elements of a Communication system, basic
terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals,
bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground
waves, sky waves, space wave, modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna
or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different
transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave,
detection of amplitude modulated wave.
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