Physical chemistry
General topics
Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical
formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole concept)
involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and displacement reactions;
Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.
Gaseous and liquid states
Absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation; Deviation from ideality, van der
Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average, root mean square and most
probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures;
Vapour pressure; Diffusion of gases.
Atomic structure and chemical bonding
Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers; Wave-particle duality,
de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical
picture of hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p and d orbitals; Electronic configurations of
elements (up to atomic number 36); Aufbau principle; Pauli’s exclusion principle
and Hund’s rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p
and d orbitals only; Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species;
Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects only);
VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar,
pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).
General topics
Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical
formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole concept)
involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and displacement reactions;
Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.
Gaseous and liquid states
Absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation; Deviation from ideality, van der
Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average, root mean square and most
probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures;
Vapour pressure; Diffusion of gases.
Atomic structure and chemical bonding
Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers; Wave-particle duality,
de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical
picture of hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p and d orbitals; Electronic configurations of
elements (up to atomic number 36); Aufbau principle; Pauli’s exclusion principle
and Hund’s rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p
and d orbitals only; Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species;
Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects only);
VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar,
pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).
Energetics
First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure-volume
work; Enthalpy, Hess’s law; Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization; Second law
of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity.
First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure-volume
work; Enthalpy, Hess’s law; Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization; Second law
of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity.
Chemical equilibrium
Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier’s principle (effect of
concentration, temperature and pressure); Significance of ΔG and ΔG0
Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier’s principle (effect of
concentration, temperature and pressure); Significance of ΔG and ΔG0
in chemical
equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and buffer solutions; Acids
and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts.
equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and buffer solutions; Acids
and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts.
Electrochemistry
Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Nernst
equation and its relation to ΔG; Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells;
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and
molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law; Concentration cells.
Chemical kinetics
Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order reactions;
Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation).
Solid state
Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell parameters a,
b, c, α, β, γ), close packed structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp
lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii, simple ionic compounds, point defects.
Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Nernst
equation and its relation to ΔG; Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells;
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and
molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law; Concentration cells.
Chemical kinetics
Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order reactions;
Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation).
Solid state
Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell parameters a,
b, c, α, β, γ), close packed structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp
lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii, simple ionic compounds, point defects.
Solutions
Raoult’s law; Molecular weight determination from lowering of vapour pressure,
elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point.
Raoult’s law; Molecular weight determination from lowering of vapour pressure,
elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point.
Surface chemistry
Elementary concepts of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms); Colloids:
types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary ideas of
emulsions, surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples).
Elementary concepts of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms); Colloids:
types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary ideas of
emulsions, surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples).
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Nuclear chemistry
Radioactivity: isotopes and isobars; Properties of α, β and γ rays; Kinetics of
radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon dating; Stability of nuclei with
respect to proton-neutron ratio; Brief discussion on fission and fusion reactions.
Radioactivity: isotopes and isobars; Properties of α, β and γ rays; Kinetics of
radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon dating; Stability of nuclei with
respect to proton-neutron ratio; Brief discussion on fission and fusion reactions.
Inorganic chemistry
Isolation/preparation and properties of the following non-metals
Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur and halogens; Properties of
allotropes of carbon (only diamond and graphite), phosphorus and sulphur.
Preparation and properties of the following compounds
Oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of
sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium; Boron: diborane, boric acid and
borax; Aluminium: alumina, aluminium chloride and alums; Carbon: oxides and
oxyacid (carbonic acid); Silicon: silicones, silicates and silicon carbide; Nitrogen:
oxides, oxyacids and ammonia; Phosphorus: oxides, oxyacids (phosphorus acid,
phosphoric acid) and phosphine; Oxygen: ozone and hydrogen peroxide; Sulphur:
hydrogen sulphide, oxides, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid and sodium
thiosulphate; Halogens: hydrohalic acids, oxides and oxyacids of chlorine,
bleaching powder; Xenon fluorides.
Transition elements (3d series)
Definition, general characteristics, oxidation states and their stabilities, colour
(excluding the details of electronic transitions) and calculation of spin-only
magnetic moment; Coordination compounds: nomenclature of mononuclear
coordination compounds, cis-trans and ionisation isomerisms, hybridization and
geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds (linear, tetrahedral, square
planar and octahedral).
Isolation/preparation and properties of the following non-metals
Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur and halogens; Properties of
allotropes of carbon (only diamond and graphite), phosphorus and sulphur.
Preparation and properties of the following compounds
Oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of
sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium; Boron: diborane, boric acid and
borax; Aluminium: alumina, aluminium chloride and alums; Carbon: oxides and
oxyacid (carbonic acid); Silicon: silicones, silicates and silicon carbide; Nitrogen:
oxides, oxyacids and ammonia; Phosphorus: oxides, oxyacids (phosphorus acid,
phosphoric acid) and phosphine; Oxygen: ozone and hydrogen peroxide; Sulphur:
hydrogen sulphide, oxides, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid and sodium
thiosulphate; Halogens: hydrohalic acids, oxides and oxyacids of chlorine,
bleaching powder; Xenon fluorides.
Transition elements (3d series)
Definition, general characteristics, oxidation states and their stabilities, colour
(excluding the details of electronic transitions) and calculation of spin-only
magnetic moment; Coordination compounds: nomenclature of mononuclear
coordination compounds, cis-trans and ionisation isomerisms, hybridization and
geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds (linear, tetrahedral, square
planar and octahedral).
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Preparation and properties of the following compounds
Oxides and chlorides of tin and lead; Oxides, chlorides and sulphates of Fe2+, Cu2+
and Zn2+; Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, silver oxide, silver
nitrate, silver thiosulphate.
Ores and minerals
Commonly occurring ores and minerals of iron, copper, tin, lead, magnesium,
aluminium, zinc and silver.
Extractive metallurgy
Chemical principles and reactions only (industrial details excluded); Carbon
reduction method (iron and tin); Self reduction method (copper and lead);
Electrolytic reduction method (magnesium and aluminium); Cyanide process
(silver and gold).
Principles of qualitative analysis
Groups I to V (only Ag+
Oxides and chlorides of tin and lead; Oxides, chlorides and sulphates of Fe2+, Cu2+
and Zn2+; Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, silver oxide, silver
nitrate, silver thiosulphate.
Ores and minerals
Commonly occurring ores and minerals of iron, copper, tin, lead, magnesium,
aluminium, zinc and silver.
Extractive metallurgy
Chemical principles and reactions only (industrial details excluded); Carbon
reduction method (iron and tin); Self reduction method (copper and lead);
Electrolytic reduction method (magnesium and aluminium); Cyanide process
(silver and gold).
Principles of qualitative analysis
Groups I to V (only Ag+
, Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+
,
Mn2+ and Mg2+); Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), sulphate and sulphide.
Organic chemistry
,
Mn2+ and Mg2+); Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), sulphate and sulphide.
Organic chemistry
Concepts
Hybridisation of carbon; σ and π-bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules;
Structural and geometrical isomerism; Optical isomerism of compounds containing
up to two asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature excluded); IUPAC
nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional
and bi-functional compounds); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman
projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto-enoltautomerism;
Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds (only
combustion method); Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical
properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive and resonance effects on
Hybridisation of carbon; σ and π-bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules;
Structural and geometrical isomerism; Optical isomerism of compounds containing
up to two asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature excluded); IUPAC
nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional
and bi-functional compounds); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman
projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto-enoltautomerism;
Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds (only
combustion method); Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical
properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive and resonance effects on
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acidity and basicity of organic acids and bases; Polarity and inductive effects in
alkyl halides; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic
bond cleavage; Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and
free radicals.
alkyl halides; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic
bond cleavage; Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and
free radicals.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes
Homologous series, physical properties of alkanes (melting points, boiling points
and density); Combustion and halogenation of alkanes; Preparation of alkanes by
Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation reactions.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes
Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling points, density and dipole
moments); Acidity of alkynes; Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes
(excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Reactions of alkenes
with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation of alkenes
and alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes
with X2, HX, HOX and H2O (X=halogen); Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal
acetylides.
Reactions of benzene
Structure and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation,
nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; Effect of o-, m- and
p-directing groups in monosubstituted benzenes.
Homologous series, physical properties of alkanes (melting points, boiling points
and density); Combustion and halogenation of alkanes; Preparation of alkanes by
Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation reactions.
Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes
Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling points, density and dipole
moments); Acidity of alkynes; Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes
(excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Reactions of alkenes
with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation of alkenes
and alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes
with X2, HX, HOX and H2O (X=halogen); Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal
acetylides.
Reactions of benzene
Structure and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation,
nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; Effect of o-, m- and
p-directing groups in monosubstituted benzenes.
Phenols
Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration and
sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction.
Characteristic reactions of the following (including those mentioned above)
Alkyl halides: rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions,
nucleophilic substitution reactions; Alcohols: esterification, dehydration and
Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration and
sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction.
Characteristic reactions of the following (including those mentioned above)
Alkyl halides: rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions,
nucleophilic substitution reactions; Alcohols: esterification, dehydration and
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oxidation, reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides, ZnCl2/concentrated HCl,
conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones; Ethers: Preparation by
Williamson’s Synthesis; Aldehydes and Ketones: oxidation, reduction, oxime and
hydrazone formation; aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction;
haloform reaction and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition);
Carboxylic acids: formation of esters, acid chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis;
Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic amines, preparation from nitro
compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of
aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; carbylamine
reaction; Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and
substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution).
conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones; Ethers: Preparation by
Williamson’s Synthesis; Aldehydes and Ketones: oxidation, reduction, oxime and
hydrazone formation; aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction;
haloform reaction and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition);
Carboxylic acids: formation of esters, acid chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis;
Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic amines, preparation from nitro
compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of
aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; carbylamine
reaction; Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and
substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution).
Carbohydrates
Classification; mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation,
reduction, glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose.
Amino acids and peptides
General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical properties.
Properties and uses of some important polymers
Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon and PVC.
Practical organic chemistry
Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification of the
following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde
Classification; mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation,
reduction, glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose.
Amino acids and peptides
General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical properties.
Properties and uses of some important polymers
Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon and PVC.
Practical organic chemistry
Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification of the
following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde
and ketone), carboxyl, amino and nitro; Chemical methods of separation of mono-
functional organic compounds from binary mixtures.
functional organic compounds from binary mixtures.
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